BP402T

Medicinal Chemistry (Theory)

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UNIT 1

Plant Tissue Culture and Standardized Extracts: Plant tissue culture as an alternative source of medicine: Historical development Types of cultures Nutritional requirements Growth and maintenance of callus and suspension culture Role of elicitation, genetic transformation, biotransformation, precursor feeding, and somaclonal variation in biomass and secondary metabolite production Introduction to biomanufacturing: Medicinal plant–based biomanufacturing Utilising plant factories in obtaining valuable ingredients for food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries Examples: Shikonin and Paclitaxel Oral vaccines in healthcare Optimization and production of standardized extracts of medicinal plants: Strategies for preparation of desired quality extracts by optimizing and adjusting bioactives ensuring quality using analysis of metabolites and TLC fingerprints of the following: Aqueous and hydro-alcoholic extracts of Ashwagandha, Shatavari, Licorice, Neem, and Haritaki Flavonoid-rich fraction of Sweet lime peel Terpenoid-rich fraction of Bacopa Phenol-rich fraction of Green Tea Steroid-rich fraction of Tribulus Alkaloid-rich fraction of Vasaka

UNIT 2

Herbal Formulations, Excipients and Cosmetics: Herbal formulations: Conventional herbal formulations: syrups, mixtures, powders, capsules, tablets, creams, ointments Novel dosage forms: phytosomes (phytocomplexes), liposomes, nanoformulations Composition, preparation, and characterization using standardized extracts and bioactives Herbal cosmetics: Sources and description of raw materials of herbal origin as active agents in skincare, hair care, and oral hygiene products Applications in skincare, hair care, and oral hygiene products such as: o Sunscreen-lotion/gel o Hair oil, shampoo, herbal dye o Herbal mouthwash, chewing gums, candies, gargles Face serums and herbal face packs Excipients of Natural origin Colorants, sweeteners, binders, diluents Viscosity builders, disintegrants Flavors and perfumes Protective agents, waxes, bleaching agents and antioxidants

UNIT 3

Quality Control and Standardisation of Herbal Medicines: WHO, AYUSH, and EU guidelines on quality control, stability, and shelf life studies of herbal medicines Approaches for standardisation and quality control of botanicals and formulations Testing methods and regulatory considerations Role of DNA fingerprint and molecular markers such as rbcL, matK, and SCAR in quality control Forensic pharmacognosy: Role in identification of illicit herbal drugs (e.g., Cannabis, Opium)

UNIT 4

Herb–Drug / Food / Herb Interactions: General introduction to interactions and role of ADME, Cytochrome P450, and P-gp Herb–drug interactions: o St. John’s Wort with warfarin o Ginkgo biloba with aspirin Herb–food interactions: o Licorice with salty foods o Turmeric with fats o Green tea with iron-rich foods Herb–herb interactions: o Ephedra with Ginseng o Chamomile with Valerian Adverse reactions related to plants and foods such as allergy, intolerance, and toxicity

UNIT 5

Regulatory Requirements of Herbal Drugs and Botanicals: Regulatory framework in India for Herbal and ASU medicines: a) Role of regulatory bodies b) ASU DTAB (Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani Drugs Technical Advisory Board) c) ASU DCC (Drugs Consultative Committee for ASU drugs) d) Schedule T – GMP requirements for ASU drugs e) Schedule E1 – Poisonous drugs listed under AYUSH f) Drugs and Cosmetics Act – Regulatory provisions relevant to herbal/ASU medicines, procedures for registration, trade, and export g) Concept of Phytopharmaceuticals and Ayush Aahara in bridging Indian traditional knowledge with modern science.